Early in his career, Adolf Hitler took inspiration from Benito Mussolini, his senior colleague in fascism\u2014this fact is widely known. But an equally important role model for Hitler and the Nazis has been almost entirely neglected: Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk, the founder of modern Turkey. Stefan Ihrig\u2019s compelling presentation of this untold story promises to rewrite our understanding of the roots of Nazi ideology and strategy.<\/p>\n
Hitler was deeply interested in Turkish affairs after 1919. He not only admired but also sought to imitate Atat\u00fcrk\u2019s radical construction of a new nation from the ashes of defeat in World War I. Hitler and the Nazis watched closely as Atat\u00fcrk defied the Western powers to seize government, and they modeled the Munich Putsch to a large degree on Atat\u00fcrk\u2019s rebellion in Ankara. Hitler later remarked that in the political aftermath of the Great War, Atat\u00fcrk was his master, he and Mussolini his students.<\/p>\n
This was no fading fascination. As the Nazis struggled through the 1920s, Atat\u00fcrk remained Hitler\u2019s \u201cstar in the darkness,\u201d his inspiration for remaking Germany along nationalist, secular, totalitarian, and ethnically exclusive lines. Nor did it escape Hitler\u2019s notice how ruthlessly Turkish governments had dealt with Armenian and Greek minorities, whom influential Nazis directly compared with German Jews. The New Turkey, or at least those aspects of it that the Nazis chose to see, became a model for Hitler\u2019s plans and dreams in the years leading up to the invasion of Poland.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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